An observation records what was directly noticed or measured. An inference proposes an explanation or conclusion based on observations. Both are useful, but mixing them can make a guess appear more certain than it is. “The path is wet” is an observation. “It rained recently” is an inference that may be reasonable but has alternatives, such as watering or cleaning. Identify what additional evidence would help distinguish the explanations. Keep the language matched to the strength of the evidence. In everyday discussion, people often jump from an action to an assumption about motive. A late reply does not by itself prove disinterest. Consider other possibilities before treating an interpretation as a fact. This does not require endless doubt; it requires a fair description of what is known. Practice: Write three observations from your surroundings. Add a possible inference and an alternative explanation for each, then name a way to check.